Systematic review and Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of Tangmaikang Granules in treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy / 中国中药杂志

This study aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of Tangmaikang Granules in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy(DPN). PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMbase, SinoMed, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP were retrieved for randomized controlled trial(RCT) of Tangmaikang Granules in the treatment of DPN. Cochrane handbook 5.3 was used to evaluate the quality of the inclu-ded studies, and RevMan 5.4.1 and Stata 15.1 were employed to analyze data and test heterogeneity. GRADEpro was used to assess the quality of each outcome index. Clinical effective rate was the major outcome index, while the improvement in numbness of hands and feet, pain of extremities, sluggishness or regression of sensation, sensory conduction velocity(SCV) and motor conduction velocity(MCV) of median nerve and peroneal nerve, fasting blood glucose(FBG), 2 h postprandial blood glucose(2hPBG), and glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c) and incidence of adverse reactions were considered as the minor outcome indexes. A total of 19 RCTs with 1 602 patients were eventually included. The Meta-analysis showed that the improvements in clinical effective rate(RR=1.45, 95%CI[1.32, 1.61], P<0.000 01), pain of extremities(RR=1.70, 95%CI[1.27, 2.27], P=0.000 3), MCV of peroneal nerve(MD=4.08, 95%CI[3.29, 4.86], P<0.000 01) and HbA1c(SMD=-1.23, 95%CI[-1.80,-0.66], P<0.000 1) of Tangmaikang Granules alone or in combination in the experimental group were better than those in the control group. Compared with the conditions in the control group, numbness of hands and feet(RR=1.42, 95%CI[1.12, 1.80], P=0.003), sluggishness or regression of sensation(RR=1.41, 95%CI[1.05, 1.91], P=0.02), SCV of median nerve(MD=4.59, 95%CI[0.92, 8.27], P=0.01), SCV of peroneal nerve(MD=4.68, 95%CI[3.76, 5.60], P<0.000 01) and MCV of median nerve(MD=5.58, 95%CI[4.05, 7.11], P<0.000 01) of Tangmaikang Granules in combination in the experimental group were improved by subgroup analysis. The levels of FBG(MD=-0.57, 95%CI[-1.27, 0.12], P=0.11) and 2hPBG(MD=-0.69, 95%CI[-1.70, 0.33], P=0.18) in the experimental group were similar to those in the control group after treatment with Tangmaikang Granules alone or in combination. There was no difference in the safety(RR=1.28, 95%CI[0.58, 2.82], P=0.54) of Tangmaikang Granules in the treatment of DPN between the experimental group and the control group. Tangmaikang Granules could significantly increase clinical effective rate and nerve conduction velocity as well as improve symptoms of peripheral nerve and blood glucose level, and no serious adverse reactions were identified yet. Further validation was needed in future in large-sample, multicenter, high-quality RCTs.

Real-time identification and early warning on drug-resistant bacteria by information technology / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To explore the method of real-time identification and early warning of drug-resistant bacteria through information technology, timely obtain information about drug-resistant bacteria in clinic.Methods Interface of Hospital Information System (HIS), Laboratory Information Management System (LIS) and healthcare-associated infection (HAI) surveillance system were reconstructed in 2015, HL7 was used as interface framework to design standard, LIS was as baseline data source and HIS as patient information database, multi-information exchange was implemented on the commonly used interface, identification and early warning of detected drug-resistant bacteria was conducted, identification of drug-resistant bacteria before and after informationization was compared.Results Through the information construction, the information interface showed that the rules of drug-resistant bacteria determination can be changed at will, data results were more accurate and timely.The judgment time of manual review was reduced from 30 minutes to 2 minutes every day, information of drug-resistant bacteria can be obtained timely and conveniently on any internal network computer by clinical staff.After timely identification and intervention of drug-resistant bacteria, 284, 289 and 309 strains of drug-resistant bacteria were detected in key departments of HAI control in 2015-2017, drug-resistant bacteria per 1 000 bed-day were 9.23‰ (284/30 773), 8.91‰ (289/32 429), and 8.34‰ (309/37 031) respectively, with a slight decrease.Conclusion Through information technology, drug-resistant bacteria can be found timely, and new drug-resistant bacteria can be identified and intervened in time, so as to effectively reduce the infection rate of drug-resistant bacteria.

Quality of life in cervical cancer survivors after radical hysterectomy via laparoscopy or laparotomy / 中国实用妇科与产科杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study the difference between laparoscopic and open radical surgery in long-term quality of life(QOL)in cervical cancer survivors.METHODS: The patients with cervical cancer who were followed up in the Outpatient Department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital(PUMCH)from October 2017 to October 2018 were selected for life quality assessment by the EORTC questionnaires,QLQ-C30 and QLQ-Cx24.RESULTS: A total of 319 patients with primary cervical cancer were included in the study.Of all enrolled patients,262 underwent laparoscopic radical hysterectomy while 57 received laparotomy.All patients completed personal information survey,of which 102 patients reported urinary symptoms and 68 reported colorectal symptoms.There were no significant differences in the age of diagnosis,ovarian retention,and postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy between the laparoscopic and open surgery groups.The QLQ-C30 scores showed that the overall quality of life scale items for the laparoscopic and open group were 83.3(0-100)and 95.6(41.7-100)points,respectively,with no statistically significant difference between the two groups(P=0.931).CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic and laparotomic radical hysterectomy are similar in long-term QOL in cervical cancer survivors.

Role of Paradoxical Hypersecretion of Glucagon in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus / 中国医学科学院学报

Insulin resistance and insulin deficiency have long been believed to be the two main causes of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However,recent studies have shown that paradoxical hypersecretion of glucagon may also contribute the pathogenesis of T2DM. This article reviews the role of paradoxical hypersecretion of glucagon in the pathogenesis of T2DM and the recent advances in relevant treatment options.

Effect of antioxidant peptide AOP1 on healing repair of skin burns in mice / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the effect and mechanism of antioxidant peptide AOP1 on repair of skin burn wound healing in mice.Methods Fluorescence probe DCFH-DA was used to detect the changes of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS).Cell proliferation and migration assay were used to detect AOP1 toxicity and its effect on wound healing.Moreover,the skin scald wound was made on the shaved dorsum of the anesthetized mice with a 1.0 cm diameter brass cylinder heated in a water bath at 80 ℃ for 2 min and pressed against the rat skin for 10 s.The effects of AOP1 on the healing of skin burns were observed by HE and Masson staining and the contents of MDA and the activity of SOD in skin tissues were measured.Results The antioxidant peptide AOP1 could significantly reduce the number of ROS in HaCaT and L929 cells,and promote cell migration and proliferation.Compared with the untreated group,the skin healing time of AOP1 group was short,the healing rate was high,the area of scab was small,and inflammation and the content of MDA in burned tissue significantly decreased.The effect of AOP1 on healing of burn wound healing was also confirmed by HE and Masson staining.Conclusion It is suggested that the antioxidant peptide AOP1 with natural activity may promote the healing of skin burns by reducing the oxidative stress caused by burns.

Arthroscopic meniscus partial resection in treatment of knee meniscus injury / 中国内镜杂志

Objective?To explore the effect of meniscus partial excision under arthroscopy for meniscus injury of knee joint, and compare it with meniscus plasty and conservative treatment.?Methods?The clinical data of 95 patients with meniscus injury of knee joint from September 2012 to September 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. According to the treatment plan, the patients were divided into partial meniscectomy group (37 cases), meniscus angioplasty group (30 cases) and conservative treatment group (28 cases). After 6 months of treatment, the clinical curative effect was evaluated. After 6 months and 2 years of treatment, L-ROM was used to measure the range of motion, and the visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the pain degree. The knee function score (Lysholm) was issued to evaluate knee function. The incidence rates of long-term complications in the three groups were recorded.?Results?The total response rate in partial meniscectomy group (97.30%) and meniscus angioplasty group (86.68%) were higher than conservative treatment group (53.57%) (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between partial meniscectomy group and meniscus angioplasty group (P > 0.05);After 6 months and 2 years of treatment, the knee range of motion and Lysholm scores of the three groups were significantly higher than those before treatment while VAS scores were significantly lower (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between partial meniscectomy group and meniscus angioplasty group (P > 0.05) but there was significant difference, compared with conservative treatment group (P < 0.05). Lysholm scores of partial meniscectomy group were significantly higher than meniscus angioplasty group and conservative treatment group (P < 0.05), and there was significant difference between meniscus angioplasty group and conservative treatment group (P < 0.05).?Conclusion?The effect of arthroscopic surgery in the treatment of meniscus injury of knee joint is accurate. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy has more advantages in improving the knee function.

DNA Methylation and Birth Weight: a Genome-wide Analysis / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

The study illustrate the inner correlation between global DNA methylation variation and different birth weights. Infant birth weight was used to identify cases and controls. Cord blood and placentas were collected. We performed DNA methylation profiling of bisulphite-converted DNA. We have identified many differentially methylated CpG sites in experimental groups; these sites involved in hundreds of signalings. Among these, more than ten pathways were referred to the glucose and lipid metabolism. Methylation changes in the insulin-signaling pathway (ISP), adipocytokine signaling pathway (ASP) and MAPK signaling pathway are involved in the fetal programming of diabetes..

Positive Association Between Type 2 Diabetes Risk Alleles Near CDKAL1 and Reduced Birthweight in Chinese Han Individuals / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Fetal insulin hypothesis was proposed that the association between low birth weight and type 2 diabetes is principally genetically mediated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether common variants in genes CDKAL1, HHEX, ADCY5, SRR, PTPRD that predisposed to type 2 diabetes were also associated with reduced birthweight in Chinese Han population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twelve single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs7756992/rs10946398 in CDKAL1, rs1111875 in HHEX, rs391300 in SRR, rs17584499 in PTPRD, rs1170806/rs9883204/rs4678017/rs9881942/rs7641344/rs6777397/rs6226243 in ADCY5) were genotyped in 1174 unrelated individuals born in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 1921 to 1954 by TaqMan allelic discrimination assays, of which 645 had normal glucose tolerance, 181 had developed type 2 diabetes and 348 impaired glucose regulation. Associations of these 12 genetic variants with birthweight and glucose metabolism in later life were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Birthweight was inversely associated with CDKAL1-rs10946398 (β = -41 g [95% confidence interval [CI]: -80, -3], P = 0.034), common variants both associated with increased risk of impaired glucose metabolism and decreased insulin secretion index later in life. After adjusting for sex, gestational weeks, parity and maternal age, the risk allele of CDKAL1-rs7756992 was associated with reduced birthweight (β = -36 g [95% CI: -72, -0.2], P = 0.048). The risk allele in SRR showed a trend toward a reduction of birthweight (P = 0.085).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>This study identified the association between type 2 diabetes risk variants in CDKAL1 and birthweight in Chinese Han individuals, and the carrier of risk allele within SRR had the trend of reduced birthweight. This demonstrates that there is a clear overlap between the genetics of type 2 diabetes and fetal growth, which proposes that lower birth weight and type 2 diabetes may be two phenotypes of one genotype.</p>

Preliminary analysis of taenia multiceps metacestode antigens by two-dimensional electrophoresis

Taenia multiceps is a cestode parasite with its larval stage [metacestode], Coenurus cerebralis, mainly encysts in the central nervous system of sheep and other livestock causing cerebralis coenurosis. Since treatment of coenurosis with chemotherapy showed little effect and surgical removal of cysts is not advisable in field conditions, vaccination is useful to control coenurosis. Previous study indicated that immunization with T. multiceps metacestode antigens could induce protection in sheep against coenurosis, so the aim of this study was to identify T. multiceps metacestode antigens in order to find potential vaccine development candidates for further study. The protein extracts from the larval T. multiceps were analyzed by twodimensional electrophoresis [2-DE] and characterized by mass spectrometry. A total of 150 protein spots were detected with isoelectric point [pI] value from 4.97 to 9.65 and molecular weight from 14 to 98 kDa. Twenty-two protein identities were determined by mass spectrometry and 15 unique proteins were obtained. Functional annotation revealed that some of these proteins are involved in catalytic activity, binding, metabolic, cellular process and stress response. Among these molecules are antioxidant proteins [peroxiredoxin and glutathione-S-transferase], glycolytic enzymes [malate dehydrogenase and enolase], proteins with chaperone activity [heat shock protein 70 and small heat shock protein], and structural proteins [actin, actin modulator protein and paramyosin]. The identification of T. multiceps metacestode protein will provide valuable information to elucidate their specific roles in the parasitism and screen new targets for vaccine development

Chromium-containing traditional Chinese medicine, Tianmai Xiaoke Tablet improves blood glucose through activating insulin-signaling pathway and inhibiting PTP1B and PCK2 in diabetic rats / 中西医结合学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Chromium is an essential mineral that is thought to be necessary for normal glucose homeostasis. Numerous studies give evidence that chromium picolinate can modulate blood glucose and insulin resistance. The main ingredient of Tianmai Xiaoke (TMXK) Tablet is chromium picolinate. In China, TMXK Tablet is used to treat type 2 diabetes. This study investigated the effect of TMXK on glucose metabolism in diabetic rats to explore possible underlying molecular mechanisms for its action.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Diabetes was induced in rats by feeding a high-fat diet and subcutaneously injection with a single dose of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, tail vein). One week after streptozotocin-injection, model rats were divided into diabetic group, low dose of TMXK group and high dose of TMXK group. Eight normal rats were used as normal control. After 8 weeks of treatment, skeletal muscle was obtained and was analyzed using Roche NimbleGen mRNA array and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index were also measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The authors found that the administration of TMXK Tablet can reduce the fasting blood glucose and fasting insulin level and HOMA-IR index. The authors also found that 2 223 genes from skeletal muscle of the high-dose TMXK group had significant changes in expression (1 752 increased, 471 decreased). Based on Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analysis, the most three significant pathways were "insulin signaling pathway", "glycolysis/gluconeogenesis" and "citrate cycle (TCA)". qPCR showed that relative levels of forkhead box O3 (FoxO3), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 (Pck2), and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (Ptp1b) were significantly decreased in the high-dose TMXK group, while v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (Akt1) and insulin receptor substrate 2 (Irs2) were increased.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our data show that TMXK Tablet reduces fasting glucose level and improves insulin resistance in diabetic rats. The mechanism may be linked to the inactivation of PTP1B and PCK enzymes, or through intracellular pathways, such as the insulin signaling pathway.</p>

Molecular Characterization of Taenia multiceps Isolates from Gansu Province, China by Sequencing of Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 1

A total of 16 Taenia multiceps isolates collected from naturally infected sheep or goats in Gansu Province, China were characterized by sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. The complete cox1 gene was amplified for individual T. multiceps isolates by PCR, ligated to pMD18T vector, and sequenced. Sequence analysis indicated that out of 16 T. multiceps isolates 10 unique cox1 gene sequences of 1,623 bp were obtained with sequence variation of 0.12-0.68%. The results showed that the cox1 gene sequences were highly conserved among the examined T. multiceps isolates. However, they were quite different from those of the other Taenia species. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete cox1 gene sequences revealed that T. multiceps isolates were composed of 3 genotypes and distinguished from the other Taenia species.

Degenerate oligonucleotide primed-PCR technology establishment and its sensitivity test analysis / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To establish a whole genome amplification testing system based on degenerate oligonucleotide primed-PCR (DOP-PCR) and to explore its reliability and sensitivity.@*METHODS@#DOP-PCR amplified production was detected by fluorescent labeled multiplex STR amplification and capillary electrophoresis detection system to determine reliability and sensitivity of DOP-PCR system.@*RESULTS@#DOP-PCR system was successfully established and the detection sensitivity reached 5 cells (30 pg) by pretreatment of DOP-PCR and then detection of STR genotyping.@*CONCLUSION@#The system established in this study is reliable and more testing sensitive for forensic trace evidence.

Influence of surface modification of titanium on OPG/RANKL mRNA expression in MG-63 human osteoblast-like cells / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the influence of surface modification of titanium on OPG/RANKL mRNA expression in human osteoblast-like cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>MG-63 osteoblast-like cells were seeded on the titanium plates with surface polishing and with surface modification by sandblasting plus acid-base treatment, with the cells on glass slides as the control. On days 2, 4, 6, and 8 following cell seeding, the cells were harvested for examination of OPG/RANKL mRNA expression using RT-PCR and real-time PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of OPG/RANKL mRNA was sensitive to the surface microphotography. Compared with the other groups, the cells on the titanium plates with sandblasting plus acid-base treatment, which resulted in a porous micro-structure and high roughness, showed significantly up-regulated expression of OPG mRNA. OPG mRNA expression also showed a time-dependent up-regulation, and was the highest on day 8. The expression of the RANKL mRNA in cells on both of the titanium plates was higher than that in the control cells. The peak level of RANKL mRNA expression occurred on day 6 followed by a gradual decrease.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A rough and porous surface of the culture plates and prolonged culture time can synergistically up-regulate the ratio of OPG/RANKL mRNA.</p>

The association between common genetic variation in the FTO gene and metabolic syndrome in Han Chinese / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Genome-wide association studies for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) identified FTO gene as a locus conferring increased risk for common obesity in many populations with European ancestry. However, the involvement of FTO gene in obesity or T2DM related metabolic traits has not been consistently established in Chinese populations. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of FTO genetic polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Han Chinese.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We tested 41 FTO single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for association between FTO and MetS-related traits. There were a total of 236 unrelated subjects (108 cases and 128 controls), grouped according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 41 SNPs examined, only SNP rs8047395 exhibited statistical significance (P = 0.026) under a recessive model, after Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing (OR 1.64, 95%CI 1.11-2.42; P = 0.014). The common distributions of this polymorphism among Chinese--with a minor allele frequency (MAF) of 36% in the control group versus 48% in the MetS group--greatly improved our test power in a relatively small sample size for an association study. Previously identified obesity- (or T2DM-) associated FTO SNPs were less common in Han Chinese and were not associated with MetS in this study. No significant associations were found between our FTO SNPs and any endophenotypes of MetS.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>A more common risk-conferring variant of FTO for MetS was identified in Han Chinese. Our study substantiated that genetic variations in FTO locus are involved in the pathogenesis of MetS.</p>

Observation on osteoblasts responded to fluid induced shear cultured on different surfaces with scanning electron microscope / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate morphological change of osteoblasts cultured on titanium plates with different microarchitecture structure when exposured to fluid shear stress.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>14 dynes x cm(-2) fluid shear stress was applied on osteoblasts cultured on 3 different commercially pure titanium plates: Polished treatment (PT), sandblast (SB), sandblasting and acid-base (SB-AB) surfaces. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was adopted to observe the morphological changes after 0.5, 4, 7.5 h time point respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Morphologically, no significant changes were observed after 0.5 h and few osteoblasts were seen after 7.5 h on all 3 type of different surfaces, and significant changes could only be observed after 4 h. Osteoblasts were elongated and rearranged along the flow way on different levels on PT surface. Shape of cells was altered, from long fusiform suspending over depressed areas into polygon stretching out many synapsises tightly attached to pits on SB-AB surface. Osteoblasts on SB surface displayed similar change as SB-AB surface, besides, some cells were elongated along the way of flow, stretching out threadlike synapsises attached to edges of pits.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Morphological change of osteoblast responding to fluid shear stress in physiological range depends on substrate microarchitecture and varies with the time of fluid shear stress application.</p>

The effect of protease-activated receptor2 on rat apoptotic cardiomyocytes underwent ischemia reperfusion injury / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) on rat apoptotic cardiomyocytes underwent ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8 each): sham-operation group, I/R (ligating the left coronary artery for 30 minutes and followed by 120 minutes reperfusion) group and three SLIGRL-NH2 groups treated with intravenous PAR-2 agonist SLIGRL-NH2 at different doses (0.5, 1, 3 mg/kg) 5 minutes before reperfusion. Apoptic cardiomyocytes was detected by TUNEL staining and by DNA ladder on agarose gel electrophoresis. Bax and Bcl-2 expression in myocardium was analyzed by immunohistochemical technique. The mRNA expression of PAR-2 was determined by Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The apoptosis index and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax were significantly increased in IR group and SLIGRL-NH2 groups than those in sham group (P < 0.05-0.01). (2) Compared with I/R group, the apoptosis index and the expression of Bax were significantly reduced while the expression of Bcl-2 and PAR-2 mRNA were significantly upregulated by SLIGRL-NH2 in a dose-dependent manner. (3) DNA Agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrated that DNA ladder existed in I/R and 0.5 mg/kg SLIGRL-NH2 group, but not in 1, 3 mg/kg SLIGRL-NH2 groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>PAR-2 agonist SLIGRL-NH2 could reduce myocardial apoptosis by upregulating the Bcl-2 and PAR-2 mRNA level and downregulating Bax expression in a dose-dependent manner in this rat I/R model.</p>

Influence of short-term high-fat diet on glucose and lipid metabolism in male Han Chinese with type 2 diabetes mellitus / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the influence of short-term high-fat diet (HFD) on glucose and lipid metabolism in male Han Chinese with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Middle-aged T2DM men supported with solely diet or diet and metformin were enrolled into the study. The design was an unblinded crossover design. Each of the subjects randomly received one from two types of isocalorie (8786.4 kJ/d) standard diet for three consecutive days on two occasions, with a 6-week wash-out period in between. The component ratios of fat, carbohydrate, and protein were 50%, 35%, and 15% vs. 25%, 60%, and 15% in patients administered with HFD or high carbohydrate diet (HCD). The 24-hour blood samples during the third day were collected. On the morning of the forth day an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was conducted with 25g of glucose.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>According to the determination results of 24-hour profile samples, HFD resulted in a markedly increased circulating level of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) as compared to HCD (P < 0.001). Nearly significant higher (P = 0.056) FPG was observed 72 hours after the administration of HFD. Circulating insulin levels were comparable between the two diets. A significantly higher HDL-C was also observed after HFD administration (P < 0.05). As assessed by the IVGTT, acute insulin response of glucose (AIRg) tended to increase after the HFD administration (P = 0.06). Fasting plasma glucagons (GLG) level and AUC(Glucagon) during breakfast period (8:00-12:00) were significantly higher after HFD administration than that of after HCD administration.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Short-term HFD induced the increase of NEFA with lower glucose exposure to the patietns. Fasting plasma glucose increased at the fourth day without remarkable changes of insulin levels which may be due to the increase of hepatic glucose output after HFD administration. The short-term HFD in our study induced early stage of insulin resistance. GLG seemed to play a role in this procedure. beta-cell dysfunction may need a longer high NEFA exposure.</p>

Myocardial toll like receptor 4 expression in a rat model of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the role of TLR4 in myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MI/RI) by observing the dynamic TLR4 expression changes at mRNA and protein levels early after myocardial ischemia reperfusion.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Male SD rats were randomly divided into Sham and IR group and the rats were killed according to different reperfusion time (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours). Myocardial changes under light microscope and transmission electronic microscope were observed. TLR4 expressions at protein and mRNA levels were detected by immunohistochemistry and realtime RT-PCR respectively. Myocardial TNF-alpha was determined by ELISA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Myocardial injury was observed in IR but not in Sham group and histopathological and ultrastructural changes in IR group remained unchanged up to 8 hours after reperfusion. (2) Positive TLR4 protein staining was visualized in both Sham and IR groups and significantly increased and peaked at 1 hour of reperfusion in IR group. (3) Compared to Sham group, TLR4 mRNA level was upregulated in myocardium in IR group and peaked at 1 hour of reperfusion. (4) Concentration of TNF-alpha in IR group was significantly higher than that of Sham group at corresponding time points (all P < 0.05), and myocardial TLR4 mRNA level correlated positively with myocardial TNF-alpha (r = 0.728, P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Expression of TLR4 in myocardium during early after myocardial ischemia reperfusion was upregulated and actived TLR4 might play an important role in MI/RI through promoting myocardial TNF-alpha excretion.</p>

Perioperative glycemic control by insulin glargine in type 2 diabetic patients / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the feasibility of perioperative glycemic control with insulin glargine in type 2 diabetic patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 16 type 2 diabetic inpatients treated with insulin glargine (research group) and 16 type 2 diabetic inpatients treated with the traditional intensified insulin therapy (control group) for perioperative glycemic control.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The fasting blood glucose values of the diabetic patients in the research group on the day of surgery and the first 3 postoperative days were (7.5 +/- 1.8), (8.2 +/- 1.8), (7.6 +/- 1.6), and (7.2 +/- 1.1) mmol/L, respectively, and were (9.0 +/- 2.8), (10.4 +/- 2.4), (8.8 +/- 2.7), (9.0 +/- 2.0) mmol/L in the control group, respectively. The fasting blood glucose values in the research group were significantly lower than the control group on the first and third postoperative day (P = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). No hypoglycemic events were observed and all wounds were healed well in both groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>With satisfied fasting blood glucose level and fewer episode of hypoglycemia, perioperative glycemic control by insulin glargine in type 2 diabetic patients is safe, effective, and convenient.</p>

Effects of glucagon on islet beta cell function in patients with diabetes mellitus / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate islet beta cell response to intravenous glucagon (a non-glucose secretagogue) stimulation in diabetes mellitus.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Nineteen patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and 131 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) were recruited in this study. T2D patients were divided into two groups according to therapy: 36 cases treated with insulin and 95 cases treated with diet or oral therapy. The serum C-peptide levels were determined at fasting and six minutes after intravenous injection of 1 mg of glucagon.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Both fasting and 6-minute post-glucagon-stimulated C-peptide levels in T1D patients were significantly lower than those of T2D patients (0.76 +/- 0.36 ng/mL vs. 1.81 +/- 0.78 ng/mL, P < 0.05; 0.88 +/- 0.42 ng/mL vs. 3.68 +/- 0.98 ng/mL, P < 0.05). In T1D patients, the C-peptide level after injection of glucagon was similar to the fasting level. In T2D, patients treated with diet or oral drug had a significantly greater fasting and stimulated C-peptide level than those patients received insulin therapy (2.45 +/- 0.93 ng/mL vs. 1.61 +/- 0.68 ng/mL, P < 0.05; 5.26 +/- 1.24 ng/mL vs. 2.15 +/- 0.76 ng/mL, P < 0.05). The serum C-peptide level after glucagon stimulation was positively correlated with C-peptide levels at fasting in all three groups (r = 0.76, P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The 6-minute glucagon test is valuable in assessing the function of islet beta cell in patients with diabetes mellitus. It is helpful for diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus.</p>